Aspectos clínicos de la COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18002/ambioc.i19.7326Palabras clave:
COVID-19, Transmisión, Síntomas, MortalidadResumen
La transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 generalmente ocurre por gotitas respiratorias de diferente tamaño. Los síntomas de presentación suelen incluir fiebre, tos, astenia, mialgia o disnea. La mayoría de las personas infectadas son asintomáticas o tienen una
enfermedad leve, pero una minoría desarrolla insuficiencia respiratoria progresiva que requiere hospitalización y soporte respiratorio. El tratamiento es fundamentalmente de soporte, sin embargo, en pacientes hospitalizados, algunos agentes antivirales directos (administrados durante los primeros días de la infección) y el tratamiento inmunomodulador con esteroides y bloqueadores de citocinas (en el periodo de hiperinflamación), pueden mejorar el pronóstico. No obstante, se necesitan nuevas
moléculas antivirales frente a SARS-CoV-2, con buena tolerancia y que se puedan administrar por vía oral, para evitar la progresión de la enfermedad, prevenir el contagio en pacientes de riesgo y cortar la cadena de transmisión. La duración exacta de la inmunidad después de la infección natural o la vacunación aún espera un estudio de seguimiento a largo plazo. Después de una COVID aguda, un número significativo de pacientes desarrollan diversos síntomas persistentes que, en la mayoría de personas, mejoran espontáneamente a lo largo de las semanas o meses siguientes. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado millones de infecciones en todo el mundo, con morbi-mortalidad significativa, y generado una tensión extrema en los
sistemas sanitarios y económicos. La buena noticia es la aparición de vacunas muy eficaces que están ayudando a controlar la enfermedad en países desarrollados; de su implementación masiva durante los próximos meses, incluyendo a los países con menos recursos, va a depender el control adecuado de esta pandemia
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