Institutionalized religion in sports federations. Anthropological analysis of the links between taekwondo and Eastern religions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v13i2.5465Keywords:
Anthropology, taekwondo, religion, philosophy, symbols, martial arts, combat sportsAbstract
Taekwondo has been popular for decades and its practice has become part of Western countries. One of its lines of expansion and introduction in the West, like other martial arts, was the philosophical-religious sphere, which has been promoted by the sports federations, and has emphasized aspects related to Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Korean national religions. I rely on a study of documentary sources, contextualized within an ethnographic investigation, to analyze the religious elements that appear in the material culture, values, techniques and practices that have been developed in the gymnasiums, as well as the symbolic exegeses that are made from official institutions.
Downloads
Métricas alternativas
References
Bowman, P. (2010). Theorizing Bruce Lee. Film-Fantasy-Fighting-Philosophy. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.
Bowman, P. (2013). Beyond Bruce Lee: Chasing the Dragon through Film, Philosophy, and Popular Culture. London & New York: Wallflower Press.
Bowman, P. (2015). Everything you know about taekwondo. Conference Martial Arts and Traditional Sportsin Asia: History, Politics and Culture, Muju, South Korea, 21-22 November. Recuperado de https://www.academia.edu/12257421/Everything_you_know_about_Taekwondo
Bowman, P., & Judkins, B.N. (2016). Editorial. Martial Arts Studies, (2), 1-5. doi: http://doi.org/10.18573/j.2016.10061
Brown, D.H., Jennings, G., & Molle, A. (2009) Belief in the martial arts: Exploring relationships between Asian martial arts and religion. Stadion. International Journal of the History of Sport, 35, 47-66.
Burdick, D. (1997). People and Events of T’aekwondo’s Formative Years. Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 6(1), 30-49.
Capener, S. (1995). Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of Taekwondo and Their Historical Causes. Korea Journal, 35(4). Recuperado de https://www.americanmoodokwan.com/Capener_Essay(W-95).pdf
Capener, S. D. (2016). The Making of a Modern Myth: Inventing a Tradition for Taekwondo. Korea Journal, 56(1), 61-92.
Consejo Superior de Deportes. (2017). MEMORIA 2017/ Licencias y Clubes federados. Recuperado de http://www.csd.gob.es/csd/estaticos/asoc-fed/licencias_y_clubes_2017.pdf
Corbetta, P. (2007). Metodología y técnicas de investigación social. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
Cynarski W. J. (2001). Commercialization Process of the Far East Martial Arts. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, (8), 191-201.
Cynarski W. J. (2004). Teoria I praktyka dalekowschodnich sztuk walki w perspektywie europejskiej [Theory and practice of Far-Eastern martial arts in a European perspective. Wydawn: Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.
Cynarski, W. J., Sieber, L., & Litwiniuk, A. (2006). Azjatyckie sztuki walki w oord. a europejskiej I amerykańskiej [Asian Martial Arts in the European and American reception]. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, (6), 252-260.
Dohrenwend R. E. (2000). Informal History of Chung Do Kwan Tae Kwon Do. Recuperado de http://husky.students.mtu.edu/cdk.shtml
Doménech, A. J. (2005). Religiones autóctonas de Asia oriental: Japón y Corea. Shintoísmo y Chamanismo. En A. Prevosti (C oord.), Pensamiento y religión en Asia oriental (pp. 233-281). Barcelona: UOC.
Donohue, J. J. (1994). Wave People: The Martial Arts and the American Imagination. Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 3(1), 10-25.
Dosset, W. (2000). Tradiciones de Asia Oriental. En N. Smart (Ed.) Atlas de las Religiones (pp. 68-85). Colonia: Koneman Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
Draeger, D. F., & Smith, R. W. (1969.) Asian Fighting Arts. Tokyo & Palo Alto: Kosansha International.
Dumont, L. (1970). Homo hierarchicus. Ensayo sobre un sistema de castas. Madrid: Aguilar.
Erlandson, D. A., Harris, E. L., Skipper, B. L., & Allen, S. D. (1993). Doing Naturalistic Inquiry. London: Sage.
Ferreira, F. D. C., Sonoda-Nunes, R. J., De Almeida, B. S., De Oliveira, S. R., & Marchi Junior, W. (2012). A Sociological View Over the Present Scenery of Kung Fu in the Occident: A Comprehensive Panorama Over the Chinese Martial Arts in Brazil. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 12(1), 2–6.
Frank, A.D. (2000). Experiencing Qi. Text, Practice, Perfomance, 2, 13-31.
Frank, A.D. (2006). Taijiquan and the Search for the Little Old Chinese Man: Understanding Identity through Martial Arts. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gutiérrez-García, C. (2004). Introducción y desarrollo del judo en España: (de principios del siglo XX a 1965): el proceso de implantación de un método educativo y de combate importado de Japón. León: Universidad de León.
Gutiérrez-García, C. (2006). Soldados, samuráis y sportmen: el japonismo deportivo llega a Europa. En Sport and violence (pp. 115-123): Sevilla: Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
Gutiérrez-García, C. (2007). Estudio de las primeras obras sobre artes marciales escritas en español. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 2(1): 8-27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v2i1.281
Gutiérrez-García, C., Pérez-Gutiérrez, M., Acevedo, W., y Cheung, M. (2010). Los luchadores japoneses tienen más destreza y arte que los luchadores chinos, o cuando el contexto importa más que el texto. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 5(1): 41-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v5i1.123
Hobsbawn, E. (2002). Introducción: la invención de la tradición. En E. Hobsbawn y T. Ranger (Eds.), La invención de la tradición (pp. 7-23). Barcelona: Crítica.
Jennings, G. (2016). Ancient Wisdom, Modern Warriors. The (Re)Invention of a Mesoamerican Warrior Tradition in Xilam. Martial Arts Studies, (2), 59-70. doi: http://doi.org/10.18573/j.2016.10064
Jimenez-Landazuri, A., Gomez-Alonso, M. T., Izquierdo, E., & Gutierrez-Garcia, C. (2016). Research into the history of martial arts and combat sports in Spain: The Noticiarios y documentales (No-Do - News newsreels (1943-1981). IDO Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 16(4): 11-20. doi: http://doi.org/10.14589/ido.16.4.3
Jones, D. E. (2002). Introduction: Toward a Definition of the Martial Arts. En D.E. Jones (Ed.), Combat, Ritual and Performance. Anthropology of Martial Arts (pp. XI-XIV). London: Praeger Publishers.
Jones, D.E. (Ed.). (2002). Combat, Ritual and Performance. Anthropology of Martial Arts. London: Praeger Publishiers.
Kim, B. K. (1989). Taekwondo: Fundamentos y pumses. Barcelona: Dae Do Internacional.
Kim. M. H. (1999). L’Origine et le développement des arts martiaux. Pour une anthropologie des techniques du corps. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Kukkiwon (2012). Taekwondo Textbook. Seúl: Korean Book Service.
Kukkiwon (2018a). Taekwondo Dobok & Tti. Recuperado de http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/front/pageView.action?cmd=/eng/information/history_uniform
Kukkiwon (2018b). Taekwondo philosophy. Recuperado de http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/front/pageView.action?cmd=/eng/information/taekwondo_mind
Kyong, M. L. (2000). Taekwondo dinámico. Barcelona: Hispano-Europea.
Langsner, M. (2003). A Performance Theory Analysis of the Practice of Kata in Karate-Do: Self Resolving Contradictions of Ritual, Spontaneity, Violence, and Morality. Brandeis Graduate Journal, 1(1). Recuperado de https://ejmas.com/pt/2006pt/ptart_langsner_1206.html
Lee Won-Il (1979). Taekwondo. Técnicas superiores. Barcelona: Editorial Hispano-Europea.
Lefebvre, A. (2016). The Pacific Philosophy of Aikido: An Interactional Approach. Martial Arts Studies, (2), 91-109. doi: http://doi.org/10.18573/j.2016.10066
Martínez Guirao, J. E. (2010a). El cuerpo en las artes marciales. Confluencias y divergencias entre Oriente y Occidente. En J. E. Martínez Guirao y A. Téllez (Eds.), Cuerpo y cultura (p. 109-132). Barcelona: Icaria.
Martínez Guirao, J. E. (2010b). La construcción del arte en las artes marciales. Una aproximación antropológica al taekwondo. Gazeta de Antropología, 26(2). Recuperado de http://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/6767
Martínez Guirao, J. E. (2011). Una etnografía de las artes marciales. Procesos de cambio y adaptación cultural en el taekwondo. Alicante: Ecu.
Mason, P. H. (2016). Fight-Dancing and the Festival Tabuik in Pariaman, Indonesia and lemanjá in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. Martial Arts Studies, (2), 71-90. doi: http://doi.org/10.18573/j.2016.10065
McBride, R. D. (2010). Silla Buddhism and the Hwarang. Korean Studies, 34, 54-89.
Moenig, U, Kim, M. (2016). The Invention of Taekwondo Tradition, 1945-1972: When Mythology Becomes 'History'. Acta Koreana, 19(2): 131-164.
Moenig, U. (2015). Taekwondo: From a Martial Art to a Martial Sport. London: Routledge.
Pérez-Gutiérrez, M., Brown, D. H. K., Álvarez-Del-Palacio, E., y Gutiérrez-Garciá, C. (2015). The (Re)emergence of a religio-spiritual self-cultivation focus in Asian martial arts monographs published in Spain (1906-2009). International Journal of the History of Sport, 32(2): 200-217. doi: http://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2014.943735
Prevosti, A. (2005). Fundamentos religiosos de Asia Oriental. Los orígenes de la cultura china. En A. Prevosti, (Coord.), Pensamiento y religión en Asia oriental (pp. 25-73). Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
Reynoso, C. (1987) Paradigmas y estrategias en antropología simbólica. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Búsqueda.
RTVE (2018). Filmoteca Española. NODO. Recuperado de http://www.rtve.es/filmoteca/no-do/
Ruiz Olabuénaga, J. I., & Ispizua, M. A. (1989). La descodificación de la vida cotidiana. Métodos de investigación cualitativa. Bilbao: Universidad de Deusto.
Turner V. W. (1980). La selva de los símbolos. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Turner, V. W. (1977). Variations on a Theme of Liminality. En S. F. Moore & B. G. Myerhoff (Eds.), Secular Ritual (pp. 36-52). Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum.
Velasco, H. (2007). Cuerpo y espacio. Símbolos y metáforas, representación y expresividad de las culturas. Madrid: Editorial universitaria Ramón Areces.
Villamón, M., & Brousse, M. (1999). Evolución del judo. En M. Villamón, (Dir.), Introducción al judo (pp. 103-145). Barcelona: Hispano Europea.
Villamón, M., & Espartero, J. (1999). La lucha en Oriente: el significado del “do”. En M. Villamón (Dir.), Introducción al judo (pp. 55-103). Barcelona: Hispano Europea.
World Taekwondo (WT) (2007). Philosophy of Taekwondo. Recuperado de http://www.wtf.org/about_tkd/philo_tkd.htm [página web no accesible actualmente]
World Taekwondo (WT) (2018). Taekwondo Peace Corps. Recuperado de http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/development/tpc
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Javier Eloy Martínez Guirao
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors who publish in this journal must agree to the following terms:
- The authors grant on a nonexclusive basis the exploitation rights (reproduction, distribution, public communication and transformation) of the work accepted for publication to the University of León. The authors can establish, on their own, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (for example, placing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), always acknowledging the initial publication in this journal.
- This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Click to see basic information and the legal text of the license.
- The authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate electronically pre-print or post-print versions of their work before publication, as this can give rise to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and increased citing of the works published.
