El combate de Bruce Lee en pocas palabras: análisis de sus aportaciones a la estrategia a través de sus obras

Augusto Rembrandt Rodríguez-Sánchez; Joaquín Piedra; Gonzalo Ramírez-Macías

doi:10.18002/rama.v19i1.2401

Autores

Augusto Rembrandt Rodríguez-Sánchez Universidad de Sevilla https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-3301
Joaquín Piedra Universidad de Sevilla https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0309-8288
Gonzalo Ramírez-Macías Universidad de Sevilla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3749-6658

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v19i1.2401

Palavras-chave:

Artes marciais, desportos de combate, Bruce Lee, combate, tomada de decisões, estratégia

Entidades:

The authors received no funding for this work

Resumo

Esta pesquisa examina a filosofia das artes marciais de Bruce Lee, com um foco particular no seu método único de jeet kune do, para abordar a lacuna de rigor científico na análise da sua metodologia marcial. O estudo adota uma estratégia de estudo de caso e utiliza a análise de conteúdo com o software MaxQDA v.11. Uma seleção da literatura oficial de Lee, priorizando escritos inalterados e aqueles que refletem o seu pensamento direto, compõem a amostra da pesquisa. Os principais achados destacam o desenvolvimento por Lee das cinco vias de ataque, demonstrando um conhecimento complexo do tempo, da distância e do ritmo. A sua ênfase na adaptabilidade em combate destaca a interação dinâmica entre manobras ofensivas e defensivas. A preferência de Lee pela interceptação em vez do bloqueio, o seu foco na esquiva e nos conceitos estratégicos como as sete estrelas e as três frontes sublinham a importância de proteger as áreas vitais do corpo. Em resumo, a filosofia das artes marciais de Bruce Lee é caracterizada pela sua adaptabilidade, tomada de decisões estratégicas e execução técnica eficiente. O seu enfoque, constantemente evoluindo e rejeitando resultados de combate preconcebidos, baseia-se em princípios de simplicidade, economia, fluidez e espontaneidade. Este sistema complexo integra estratégias ofensivas e defensivas, refletindo o seu compromisso com o aperfeiçoamento das artes marciais numa disciplina prática e reativa.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Métricas alternativas

Biografias Autor

Augusto Rembrandt Rodríguez-Sánchez, Universidad de Sevilla

Augusto Rembrandt Rodríguez-Sánchez (Spain). PhD from the Universidad de Sevilla; Bachelor’s Degree in Teaching, specialising in Physical Education and University Degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, both from the Universidad de Sevilla. Currently teaching and researching at the Department of Physical Education and Sport at the Universidad de Sevilla. He is also a member of the research group HUM1059 Critical Approach to Sport (CASport). His areas of interest include those related to aspects of physical education and motor manifestations, martial arts and combat sports, as well as social aspects related to the practice of physical and sporting activity. E-mail: rembrandt@us.es

Joaquín Piedra, Universidad de Sevilla

Joaquín Piedra (Spain). Senior Lecturer at the Universidad de Sevilla. Head of the Critical Approach to Sport (CASport) research group. Specialist in the analysis of sport from a gender perspective, author or editor of four books on masculinities, gender and coeducation in sport and physical education. He is a member of the National Network on LGBTIQ+ in Physical Education and Sport, granted by the Consejo Superior de Deportes. Visiting researcher at Barry University (USA), University of Greenwich (UK), University of Porto (Portugal) and Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain). E-mail: jpiedra@us.es

Gonzalo Ramírez-Macías, Universidad de Sevilla

Gonzalo Ramírez Macías (Spain). PhD from the Universidad de Sevilla and degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences from the Universidad de Granada. Senior Lecturer in the Department of Physical Education and Sport at the Universidad de Sevilla. Member of the research group HUM1059 Critical Approach to Sport (CASport). His research focuses on social aspects related to the practice of physical and sporting activities, mainly of a historical and philosophical nature. E-mail: grm@us.es

Referências

Abraham, C., Kingman, J., & Dyson, R. (2001). Maximum velocity of the striking leg during the martial arts front, side and turning kicks and the relationship to technique duration. 19 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, 158-161. https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/3801/3521

Avelar-Rosa, B., & Figueiredo, A. (2012). Initiation to combat sports: Explanation of the structure of the ludic combative phenomenon, by Bruno Avelar & Abel Figueiredo. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 4(3), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i3.177

Borysiuk, Z., & Cynarski, W. J. (2009). Reaction time and movement time, types of sensorimotor responses and fencing tempo. Ido Movement for Culture, 9, 189-200.

Bowman, P. (2010). Theorizing Bruce Lee: Film-fantasy-fighting-philosophy. Rodopi.

Bowman, P. (2011). The Fantasy Corpus of Martial Arts, or, The “Communication” of Bruce Lee. In D. S. Farrer & J. Whalen-Bridge (Eds.), Martial Arts as Embodied Knowledge: Asian Traditions in a Transnational World (pp. 61-96). State University of New York Press. https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/17425/

Bowman, P. (2013). Beyond Bruce Lee: Chasing the Dragon through film, philosophy and popular culture. Wallflower Press.

Chiao, H. P. (1981). Bruce Lee: His Influence on the Evolution of the Kung Fu Genre. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 9(1), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01956051.1981.10661886

Chung-an Chang. (2022). The World Literature of Bruce Lee by Way of Cross-Cultural Adaptations and Translations. Tamkang Review, 53(1), 63–91. https://doi.org/10.6184/TKR.202212_53(1).0003

Collins, D., Bobrownicki, R., Carson, H. J., & MacPherson, A. C. (2023). ‘It is difficult to understand the universe if you only study one planet’: A response to Myszka, Yearby and Davids. Sport, Education and Society, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2023.2235857

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 1-20). Sage.

Estevan, I., Jandacka, D., & Falco, C. (2013). Effect of stance position on kick performance in taekwondo. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(16), 1815-1822. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.803590

Falcó Pérez, C., Molina-García, J., Álvarez, O., & Estevan, I. (2013). Effects of target distance on select biomechanical parameters in taekwondo roundhouse kick. Sports Biomechanics, 12(4), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2013.776626

Fernandes, FM., Wichi, RB., Silva, VF., Ladeira, APX., & Ervilha, UF. (2011). Biomechanical methods applied in martial arts studies. Journal of Morphological Science, 28(3), 141-144.

González de Prado, C. (2011). Caracterización técnico-táctica de la competición de combate de alto nivel en Taekwondo. Efectividad de las acciones tácticas [Universidad de Barcelona]. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/43118

Guo, P., Ma, S., & Li, W. (2017). An examination of Bruce Lee’s kung fu from the perspective of Japanese martial arts: The Chinese culture of chivalrous heroes and Western science. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 6(2), 126–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640599.2017.1323821

Hagemann, N., Schorer, J., Cañal-Bruland, R., Lotz, S., & Strauss, B. (2010). Visual perception in fencing: Do the eye movements of fencers represent their information pickup? Attention, perception & psychophysics, 72(8), 2204-2214. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.8.2204

Harris, L. J. (2010). In fencing, what gives left-handers the edge? Views from the present and the distant past. Laterality, 15(1-2), 15-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500701650430

Hristovski, R., Davids, K., Araújo, D., & Button, C. (2006). How Boxers Decide to Punch a Target: Emergent Behaviour in Nonlinear Dynamical Movement Systems. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(CSSI), 60-73.

Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

Hu, B. (2008). ‘Bruce Lee’ after Bruce Lee: A life in conjectures. Journal of Chinese Cinemas, 2(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1386/jcc.2.2.123_1

Hurley, S. (2021). The “Ultimate Athlete:” Bruce Lee, Martial Arts and the Pursuit of Human Perfection. In A. Hiroshi, P. W. Galbraith, & M. Kovacic (Eds.), Idology in Transcultural Perspective (pp. 133–157). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82677-2_6

Jennings, G. (2019). Bruce Lee and the Invention of Jeet Kune Do: The Theory of Martial Creation. Martial Arts Studies, 0(8), Article 0. https://doi.org/10.18573/mas.84

Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy: Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 45(3), 214–222. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.45.3.214

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Sage.

Kronlund, M. (1984). Enseñanza de la esgrima de florete: Tecnica, terminologia, pedagogia y normas de competicion. Gymnos.

Lee, B. (1968a). Bruce Lee talks back. Black Belt Magazine, 6(1), 23-25.

Lee, B. (1968b). By the way. Black Belt Magazine, 6(2), 3-4, 63.

Lee, B. (2008). Chinese Gung Fu: The philosophical art of self-defense (S. Dzida & J. Santiago, Eds.; 4th ed.). Black Belt Books.

Lee, B. (2011). Tao of Jeet Kune Do: New expanded edition (K. Storti, S. Dzida, A. Hartunian, & J. Santiago, Eds.). Black Belt Books.

Lee, B., & Uyehara, M. (2008). Bruce Lee’s fighting method: The complete edition (S. Dzida, J. Sattler, & J. Santiago, Eds.). Black Belt Books.

Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage.

Little, J. R. (Ed.). (1997a). Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee’s commentaries on the martial way. Tuttle Publishing.

Little, J. R. (Ed.). (1997b). The Tao of Gung Fu: A study in the way of Chinese martial art. Tuttle Publishing.

Little, J. R. (Ed.). (1997c). Words of the dragon: Interviews 1958-1973. Tuttle Publishing.

Little, J. R. (Ed.). (1998). Letters of the dragon: An anthology of Bruce Lee’s correspondence with family, friends, and fans, 1958-1973. Tuttle Publishing.

Little, J. R. (Ed.). (1999). Bruce Lee: Artist of Life. Tuttle Publishing.

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing qualitative research (5th ed.). Sage.

Martínez de Quel, Ó., López, E., Sillero, M., & Saucedo, F. (2011). Decision making in fencing training and its relationship with reaction time. e-balonmano.com: Revista de Ciencias del Deporte, 7(1), 3-12.

Myszka, S., Yearby, T., & Davids, K. (2023). Being Water: How key ideas from the practice of Bruce Lee align with contemporary theorizing in movement skill acquisition. Sport, Education and Society, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2022.2160701

Ongiri, A. A. (2002). «He wanted to be just like Bruce Lee»: African Americans, Kung Fu Theater and Cultural Exchange at the Margins. Journal of Asian American Studies, 5(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2002.0009

Parlebas, P. (2001). Juegos, deportes y sociedades: Léxico de praxiología motriz. Paidotribo.

Petrov, R. (1977). Principles of free-style wrestling for children and adolescents. Federación Española de Lucha.

Pobratyn, A., Ciesielska, Z., Lesiak, K., & Ziental, A. (2017). Eastern Martial Arts in cinematography and popularising a healthy lifestyle—Interpretation sketch. Physical Activity Review, 5, 78-82. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2017.05.11

Pollard, M. (1967). Is the Green Hornet’s version of gung-fu genuine? Black Belt Magazine, 5(10), 14-18.

Prashad, V. (2003). Bruce Lee and the Anti-imperialism of Kung Fu: A Polycultural Adventure. Positions: Asia critique, 11(1), 51-90. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-11-1-51

Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. R. (2019). The Inheritance of the Little Dragon: Contributions to the Concept of the Combat Duel in the Work of Bruce Lee. Ido Movement for Culture, 19, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.19.4.4

Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). Sage.

Saucedo, F., & Martínez de Quel, Ó. (2000). El trabajo de la táctica en el karate: Propuesta de un modelo de enseñanza. En J. P. Fuentes García & M. Macías García (Eds.), I Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Ciencias del Deporte (pp. 153-160). Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte (Universidad de Extremadura). https://cienciadeporte.eweb.unex.es/congreso/00 cac/RD/ED/19karate.pdf

Shu, Y. (2003). Reading the Kung Fu Film in an American Context: From Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 31(2), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01956050309603666

Sieber, L., Cynarski, W. J., & Litwiniuk, A. (2007). Spheres of fight in martial arts. Archives of Budo, 3, 42-48.

Strauch, H., Wirth, I., Taymoorian, U., & Geserick, G. (2001). Kicking to death—Forensic and criminological aspects. Forensic Science International, 123(2-3), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00542-4

Wąsik, J., Mosler, D., Góra, T., & Scurek, R. (2023). Conception of effective mass and effect of force – measurement of taekwon-do master. Physical Activity Review, 11(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.02