Life in and out of combat clubs: the experiences of Iranian martial artists

Hossein Mansouri; Arman Allahveisi; George  Jennings

doi:10.18002/rama.v20i1.2501

Autores

Hossein Mansouri Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kurdistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-7478
Arman Allahveisi Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kurdistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9364-4715
George Jennings Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3781-568X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v20i1.2501

Palavras-chave:

Artes marciais, desportos de combate, kickboxing, muay thai, desenvolvimento do carácter, saúde, bem-estar, prevenção da violência

Entidades:

The authors received no funding for this work

Resumo

Tendo em conta o estilo de vida moderno, mecanizado e restrito aos recintos fechados, a agressividade e os distúrbios mentais entre jovens e adultos, e as suas consequências negativas no Irão, é importante realizar estudos aprofundados sobre esta questão. O objetivo deste artigo é compreender o significado dos desportos de combate para os atletas iranianos e perceber como esse significado os leva a praticar desportos de combate. Seguindo uma abordagem de Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa (AFI), foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 17 praticantes de kickboxing e muay thai da província do Curdistão, no oeste do Irão. Da análise das suas experiências emergiram quatro temas principais e 12 subtemas: (1) reforço da capacidade existencial, (2) cultivo moral da personalidade, (3) melhoria da saúde e (4) melhoria do estilo de vida. Os resultados sugerem que, para estes participantes, o kickboxing e o muay thai têm um efeito positivo em muitas dimensões da existência, a nível mental, social e moral. Além disso, devido ao potencial impacto positivo no comportamento individual, estes desportos são também muito eficazes na redução de problemas sociais como o hooliganismo, a destruição e o vandalismo, o suicídio, o estilo de vida inadequado, a perda de valores e a violência.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Métricas alternativas

Biografias Autor

Hossein Mansouri, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kurdistan

Hossein Mansouri (Iran) is an independent researcher in Iran. He earned his PhD in the field of Sport Management in 2022 from the University of Kurdistan. He has experience teaching various undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. courses that cover sport management and sport marketing. He also advisor masters and PhD students. His research interests include sports governance, organizational health, qualitative research, consumer behaviour, CSR, sports industry policy, social issues in sport and among others. He has published over eight research articles in JCR/SCOPUS-indexed journals and works as a reviewer in various international conferences and journals. E-mail: hoseinmansouri66@gmail.com

Arman Allahveisi, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kurdistan

Arman Allahveisi (Iran) is a PhD student in sports management. He is an athlete and martial arts instructor, and his research interests are in the fields of sports management and martial arts. He has presented several papers in national and international conferences. E-mail: armanallahveisi@gmail.com

George Jennings, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University

George Jennings (UK) is Senior Lecturer in Sport Sociology at Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, UK, where he teaches qualitative research methods, research skills and social theory. George is Programme Director of the MA Sport, Ethics and Society course while also leading the MRes pathway in Critical Social Science for Sport, Education and Health. He is primarily interested in martial arts cultures, pedagogies and philosophies and the ways in which they have been reconstructed in modern society. George’s first book Reinventing the martial arts in the 21^st century (Peter Lang, 2023) follows ethnographic studies of Wing Chun, Taijiquan, Xilam and HEMA along with numerous collaborative projects over the last 20 years. E-mail: gbjennings@cardiffmet.ac.uk

Referências

Allahveisi, A. (2024). The ring martial arts. Hatmi Publications.

Allen, B. (2015). Striking beauty: A philosophical look at the Asian martial arts. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/alle17272-003

Allen‐Collinson, J. (2009). Sporting embodiment: Sports studies and the (continuing) promise of phenomenology. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1(3), 279-296.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/19398440903192340

Barlow, D., & Durand, V. (2008). Psicopatologia: Uma abordagem integrada. Cengage Learning.

Brière, F. N., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2015). Adolescent suicide attempts and adult adjustment. Depression and Anxiety, 32(4), 270-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22296

Bu, B., Haijun, H., Yong, L., Chaohui, Z., Xiaoyuan, Y., & Singh, M. F. (2010). Effects of martial arts on health status: a systematic review. Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine, 3(4), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01107.x

Chen, M. A., & Cheesman, D. J. (2013). Mental toughness of mixed martial arts athletes at different levels of competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 116(3), 905-917. https://doi.org/10.2466/29.30.PMS.116.3.905-917

Ciaccioni, S., Castro, O., Bahrami, F., Tomporowski, P. D., Capranica, L., Biddle, S. J., ... & Pesce, C. (2023). Martial arts, combat sports, and mental health in adults: a systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 102556.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102556

Coalter, F. (2007). A wider social role for sport: Who's keeping the score? Routledge.

Contiero, D. (2019). Dojo and traditional martial arts: A social community for physical activity and health prevention in later age. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22, S82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.088

Columbus, P. J., & Rice, D. (1998). Phenomenological meanings of martial arts participation. Journal of Sport Behavior, 21(1), 16-29.

Croom, A. M. (2014). Embodying martial arts for mental health: Cultivating psychological wellbeing with martial arts practice. Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports, 10, 59-70.

Croom, A. M. (2022). Muay Thai, psychological well-being, and cultivation of combat-relevant affordances. Philosophies, 7(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7030065

Croom, A. M. (2023). The impact of shadowboxing on the psychological well-being of professional martial artists. Discover Psychology, 3(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-023-00064-8

Cynarski, W. J. (2022). New concepts of Budo internalised as a philosophy of life. Philosophies, 7(5), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050110

Diekelmann, N., Allen, D., & Tanner, C. (1989). The NLN criteria for appraisal of baccalaureate programs: A critical hermeneutic analysis. National League for Nursing.

Dimson, G. K. O., Keh, P. V. A., Perez, R. A. R., & Tankeh, A. M. D. F. (2016). A qualitative study on the impact of Muay Thai on a person's perceived sense of well-being. Bachelor's Thesis, Department of Psychology, De La Salle University. https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etd_bachelors/6971

Dixon, N. (2015). A moral critique of mixed martial arts. Public Affairs Quarterly, 29(4), 365-384. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44714928

Doğusan, S. N., & Koçak, F. (2021). Standing on the ice: experiences of women national ice hockey players in Turkey. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 89(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2021-0005

Dongoran M. F., Muhammad Fadlih A., & Riyanto P. (2020). Psychological characteristics of Martial Sports Indonesian athletes based on categories art and fight. Enfermería Clínica, 30, 500–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.10.129

Endresen, I. M., & Olweus, D. (2005). Participation in power sports and antisocial involvement in preadolescent and adolescent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(5), 468-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00414.x

Franchini, E., Brito, C. J., & Artioli, G. G. (2012). Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychological and performance effects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9, 1-6.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-52

Fuller, C., & Lloyd, V. (2020). Martial arts and well-being: connecting communities and promoting health. Taylor & Francis. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315448084

Fung, A. L. C., & Lee, T. K. H. (2018). Effectiveness of Chinese martial arts and philosophy to reduce reactive and proactive aggression in schoolchildren. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(5), 404-414. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000565

Gartland, S., Malik, M., & Lovell, M. (2001). Injury and injury rates in Muay Thai kick boxing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(5), 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.5.308

Görner, K., Kuśnierz, C., & Nowak, P. F. (2019). Perception of health by combat sports athletes. Archives of Budo, 15, 213-219.

Greco, G. (2021). Multilateral teaching in physical education improves resilience and self-efficacy in adolescents and could help reduce bullying behaviors. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 90(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2021-0008

Haksever, B., Ozyilmaz, H. I., Soylu, C., & Baltaci, G. (2021). The effects of 24 weeks of Muay Thai and bodybuilding training programs on lower limb performance, balance, and coordination: Comparison of athletic performance Between the Muay Thai and bodybuilders. European Journal of Human Movement, 47, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.21134/eurjhm.2021.47.8

Harwood, A., Lavidor, M., & Rassovsky, Y. (2017). Reducing aggression with martial arts: A meta-analysis of child and youth studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.03.001

Harwood-Gross, A., Feldman, R., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Rassovsky, Y. (2020). Hormonal reactivity during martial arts practice among high-risk youths. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 121, 104806.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104806

Heidegger, M. (1988). The basic problems of phenomenology (Vol. 478). Indiana University Press.

Holmes, B., McHale, I. G., & Żychaluk, K. (2023). A Markov chain model for forecasting results of mixed martial arts contests. International Journal of Forecasting, 39(2), 623-640.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2022.01.007

Hylchuk, Y., Andreichuk, O., Pantik, V., & Tsymbaliuk, S. (2017). Physical and mental health components condition in the life quality of students who regularly practice kickboxing and yoga. Physical Activity Review, (5), 37-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2017.05.06

Kaufmann, J. (2022). The impact of martial arts on depression, anxiety, stress, anger, well-being, self-transcendence, and self-enhancement [Doctoral thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology].

Kim, J., & Moon, H. (2015). The effect of after-school Taekwondo training on peer relationship and school adjustment of elementary school students. Journal of Korean Alliance of Martial Arts, 10, 6172.

Kostorz, K., & Sas-Nowosielski, K. (2021). Martial arts, combat sports, and self-determined motivation as predictors of aggressive tendencies. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(1), 122-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.01017

Kotarska, K., Nowak, L., Szark-Eckardt, M., & Nowak, M. (2019). Selected healthy behaviors and quality of life in people who practice combat sports and martial arts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050875

Lafuente, J. C., Zubiaur, M., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2021). Effects of martial arts and combat sports training on anger and aggression: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101611.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101611

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.

Marshall, J., Baker, D., Lee, M., Jones, G., Lobo, A., & Brown, S. (2018). The assessment of online health videos for surgery in Crohn's disease. Colorectal Disease, 20(7), 606-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/codi.14045

Martinkova, I., Parry, J., & Vágner, M. (2019). The contribution of martial arts to moral development. Ido Movement for Culture, 19(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.14589/ido.19.1.1

Moore, B., Dudley, D., & Woodcock, S. (2020). The effect of martial arts training on mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 24(4), 402–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.017

Moradi, J., Bahrami, A., & Dana, A. (2020). Motivation for participation in sports based on athletes in team and individual sports. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 85(1), 14-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2020-0002

Mülhim, I. T., & Akcan, F. (2022). Comparison of simple visual and audiotory reaction times of martial arts athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 7(5).176-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v7i5.4097

Nardini, D., & Épron, A. (2021). Being Breton through wrestling: Traditional gouren as a distinctive Breton activity. Ethnography, 22(3), 372-395. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381211035478

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (2019). Suicide prevention. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention

Noorbala, A. A., Naamani F, Yahyavidizaj J, Anvari S, & M., M. (2020). Burden of mental disorders: A study of the Middle East countries for the period 2000- 2017. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran, 38(1), 19-26. http://jmciri.ir/article-1-2979-en.html

Nosanchuk, T. A., & MacNeil, M. C. (1989). Examination of the effects of traditional and modern martial arts training on aggressiveness. Aggressive Behavior, 15(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1989)15:2<153::AID-AB2480150203>3.0.CO;2-V

Ouergui, I., Hssin, N., Haddad, M., Franchini, E., Behm, D. G., Wong, D. P., . . . Bouhlel, E. (2014). Time-motion analysis of elite male kickboxing competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(12), 3537-3543. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000579

Patricksson, G. (1995). The significance of sport for society - Health, socialization, economy: A scientific review. Scientific Review part 2. Council of Europe Press.

Patton, M. Q. (2001). Qualitative research and evaluation and methods (3rd ed.). Sage.

Pedrini, L., & Jennings, G. (2021). Cultivating health in martial arts and combat sports pedagogies: A theoretical framework on the care of the self. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 601058. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.601058

Podrigalo, L. V., Shi, K., Podrihalo, O. O., Volodchenko, O. A., & Halashko, O. I. (2022). Main research areas in kickboxing investigations: An analysis of the scientific articles of the Web of Science Core Collection. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 26(4), 244-259.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2022.0404

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing research: Principles and methods. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Rapkiewicz, J. A., Nunes, J. P., Mayhew, J. L., Ribeiro, A. S., Nabuco, H. C., Fávero, M. T., & Amarante Do Nascimento, M. (2018). Effects of Muay Thai training frequency on body composition and physical fitness in healthy untrained women. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(12), 1808-1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07969-5

Ryba, T. V. (2008). Researching children in sport: Methodological reflections. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 334-348.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802056669

Russell, G. (2014). Practicing evil: Training and psychological barriers in the martial arts. In G. Priest & D. Young (Eds.), Philosophy and the martial arts (pp. 28-49). Routledge.

Saadati, M. (2020). A sociological study of the role of social process in explaining risky behaviors. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran, 9(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.22108/srspi.2020.122697.1543

Sahebozamani, M., & Beyranvand, R. (2016). A review of injury assessment in Iranian martial artists: Systematic review. Journal of Rehabilative Medicine, 5(2), 235-248.

Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. H. (2023). Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. Taylor & Francis.

Shahnooshi, M., & Ghasemi, N. (2010). An evaluation on effective factors on women tendency to army sports in Isfahan. Journal of Social Sciences, 4(9), 87-104.

Shields, D. L. L., & Bredemeier, B. J. L. (1995). Character development and physical activity. Human Kinetics.

Steel, Z., Marnane, C., Iranpour, C., Chey, T., Jackson, J. W., Patel, V., & Silove, D. (2014). The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 476-493. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu038

Sur, D., Sabarimurugan, S., & Advani, S. (2021). The effects of martial arts on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life in cancer patients: an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116116

Thamyres Ciccotti Saraiva, B., Covolo Scarabottolo, C., Destro Christofaro, D. G., Rodrigues Silva, G. C., Forte Freitas, J. I., Marques Vanderlei, L. C., . . . Milanez Vinicius, F. (2021). Effects of 16 weeks of Muay Thai training on the body composition of overweight/obese adolescents. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 21(3), 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14589/ido.21.3.6

Theeboom, M., & Knop, P. D. (1999). Asian martial arts and approaches of instruction in physical education. European Journal of Physical Education, 4(2), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898990040204

Tufford, L., & Newman, P. (2012). Bracketing in qualitative research. Qualitative Social Work, 11(1), 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010368316

Turner, A. N. (2009). Strength and conditioning for Muay Thai athletes. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 31(6), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181b99603

Uher, I., & Bukova, A. (2018). Interrelationship between exercise and diseases in young people: Review study. Physical Activity Review, (6), 203-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2018.06.25

Ustun, F., & Tasgin, E. (2020). Trait anger and anger expression styles in Muay Thai athletes. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(1), 258-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n1p258

Vertonghen, J., & Theeboom, M. (2010). The social-psychological outcomes of martial arts practise among youth: A review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(4), 528.

Vertonghen, J., Theeboom, M., Dom, E., De Bosscher, V., & Haudenhuyse, R. (2014). The organization and regulation of full contact martial arts: A case study of Flanders. Societies, 4(4), 654-671. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4040654

Warchoł, K., Korobeynikov, G., Osiel, C., & Cynarski, W. J. (2021). Martial arts as a form of physical activity for children and young people in the opinion of adult inhabitants of Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 21(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.21.1.5

Wąsik, J., & Wójcik, A. (2017). Health in the context of martial arts practice. Physical Activity Review, 5, 91-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2017.05.13

Zetaruk, M. N., Violan, M. A., Zurakowski, D., & Micheli, L. J. (1998). Injuries in Martial Arts: An Overview of Five Styles. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(5), 29-33.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00294

Zhong, Y., Song, Y., Artioli, G. G., Gee, T. I., French, D. N., Zheng, H., ... & Li, Y. (2024). The practice of weight loss in combat sports athletes: A systematic review. Nutrients, 16(7), 1050.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16071050