A família do kung-fu: uma metáfora sobre a pertença através do tempo e do espaço
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v13i1.5462Palavras-chave:
Identidade coletiva, metáfora conceptual, artes marciais chinesas, família, linhagem, artes marciaisResumo
As associações de kung-fu podem ser entendidas como “famílias”, que formam parte de amplas “árvores genealógicas” ou “linhagens”, que funcionam há séculos, e também como associações transculturais. Contribuindo para os estudos multidisciplinares sobre as artes marciais, este artigo apresenta dados de dois estudos qualitativos sobre praticantes ocidentais de artes marciais chinesas tradicionais (TCMA), tanto no Ocidente como no Oriente, realizados por uma psicóloga fenomenologista e um sociólogo antropólogo. Avaliamos o uso do termo “família do kung-fu”, o que significa para os praticantes, como afeta a sua prática e as relações com outros artistas marciais. Argumentamos que a metáfora conceptual da “família” proporciona um sentido de pertença e de solidariedade dentro de uma comunidade diversa em termos de idade, género, etnia, religião e classe social. Paralelamente, exploramos a metáfora em termos das dinâmicas micropolíticas de poder que acompanham os coletivos das artes marciais. Em linhas gerais, o ideal da família pode elucidar como a identidade pode transcender com o tempo (gerações de praticantes) e o espaço (cultura e grupos). Para tanto, trata-se de entender a organização, difusão e transcendência das artes marciais chinesas.
Downloads
Métricas alternativas
Referências
Allen, B. (2013). Games of sport, works of art, and the striking beauty of Asian martial arts. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 40(2), 241-254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2013.785418
Alter, J. (1992). The wrestler’s body: Identity and ideology in North India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Bowman, P. (Ed.). (Forthcoming). Martial arts studies: A reader. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bowman, P. (2015). Martial arts studies: Disrupting disciplinary boundaries. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Brown, D. (2016). Taoism through Tai Chi Chuan: Physical culture as religious or holistic spirituality? In M. de Souza, J. Bone and J. Watson (Eds.), Spirituality across disciplines: Research and practice (pp. 317-330). New York: Springer.
Brown, D., & Jennings, G. (2011). Body lineage: Conceptualizing the transmission of traditional Asian martial arts (in the West). Staps, 32(93), 61-71.
Brown, D., & Jennings, G. (2013). In search of the martial habitus: Identifying dispositional schemes in Wing Chun and Taijiquan. In R. Garcia Sánchez & D. Spencer (Eds.), Fighting Scholars: Habitus and ethnographies of martial arts and combat sports (pp. 33-48). London: Anthem Press.
Brown, D., Jennings, G. & Sparkes, A.C. (2014). Taijiquan the ‘Taiji World’ way: Towards a cosmopolitan vision of ecology. Societies, 4(3), 380-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4030380
Brown, D., & Johnson, A. (2000). The social practice of self-defence martial arts: Applications for physical education. Quest, 52(3), 246-259. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2000.10491713
Channon, A., & Jennings, G. (2013). The rules of engagement: Negotiating painful and intimate touch in mixed-sex martial arts. Sociology of Sport Journal, 30, 487-503. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.30.4.487
Channon, A., & Phipps, C. (2017). ‘Pink gloves still give black eyes’: Exploring ‘alternative’ femininity in women’s combat sports. Martial Arts Studies, 3, 24-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10093
De Campos Rosario, C., Stephens, N., & Delamont, S. (2010). ‘I’m your teacher! I’m Brazilian!’: Authenticity and authority in European Capoeira. Sport, Education & Society, 15(1), 103-120. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320903461061
Domaneschi, L. (2016). Boards don’t hit back: Ethnography of the practice of Wushu Kung Fu. Etnografia e Ricerca Qualitativa, 3, 473-496. doi: https://doi.org/10.3240/85153
Downey, G. (2004). Learning capoeira: Lessons in cunning from an Afro-Brazilian martial art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ebaugh, H. R., & Curry, M. (2000). Fictive kin as social capital in new immigrant communities. Sociological Perspectives, 43(2), 189-209. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1389793
Evans, B., Eys, M., & Wolf, S. (2013). Exploring the nature of interpersonal influence in elite individual sport teams. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4, 448-462. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.752769
Evans, M.B., Eys, M.A., & Bruner, M.W. (2012). Seeing the “we” in “me” sports: The need to consider individual sport team environments. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(4), 301-308. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030202
Farrer, D. S. (2011). Coffee-shop gods: Martial arts of the Singapore diaspora. In D.S. Farrer and J. Whalen-Bridge (Eds.), Martial arts and embodied knowledge: Asian traditions in a transnational world (pp. 203-229). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Farrer, D. S. (2018). Captivation, false connection and secret societies in Singapore. Martial Arts Studies, 5, 36-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.18573/mas.48
Flowers, P. Larkin, M., & Smith, J. A. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Frank, A. (2014). Unstructuring structure and communicating secrets inside/outside a Chinese martial arts association. JOMEC Journal, (5). doi: http://doi.org/10.18573/j.2014.10269
Frank, A. (2006). Taijiquan and the search for the little old Chinese man: Understanding identity through martial arts (1st ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late-modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Girton, G. D. (1986). Kung fu: Towards a praxiological hermeneutics of the martial arts. In H. Garfinkel (Ed.), Ethnomethodological studies of work (pp. 60-91). London: Routledge.
Green, K. (2011). It hurts, so it is real: Sensing the seduction of mixed martial arts. Cultural and Social Geography, 12(4), 377–396. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2011.574796
Green, T. A. & Svinth, J. R. (Eds.). (2004). Martial arts in the modern world. London: Praeger.
Guodong, Z., Green, T. A., & Gutiérrez-García, C. (2016). Rural community, group identity and martial arts: Social foundation of Meihuaquan. IDO Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 16(1), 18-29. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14589/ido.16.1.3
Jennings, G. (2014). Transmitting health philosophies through the traditionalist Chinese martial arts in the UK. Societies, 4(4), 712-736. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4040712
Jennings, G. (2010). Fighters, thinkers and shared cultivation: Experiencing transformation through the traditionalist Chinese martial arts. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, UK.
Jennings, G., Brown, D., & Sparkes, A. C. (2010). “It can be a religion if you want”: Wing Chun Kung Fu as a secular religion. Ethnography, 11(4), 533-557. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138110372588
Judkins, B., (2014). Inventing Kung Fu. JOMEC Journal, (5). doi: http://doi.org/10.18573/j.2014.10272
Judkins, B., & Nielson, J. (2016). The creation of Wing Chun: A history of the southern Chinese martial arts. Albany, NY: Press.
Kennedy, B., & Guo, E. (2010). Jingwu: The school that transformed Kung Fu. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Kennedy, B., & Guo, E. (2005). Chinese martial arts training manuals: A historical survey. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Kim, E. C. (2009). ‘Mama’s family’: Fictive kinship and undocumented immigrant restaurant workers. Ethnography, 4, 497-513. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138109347000
Lakoff, G. (1992). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd edition) (pp. 202-251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. New York: Basic Books.
Layton, C., Higaonna, M., & Arneil, S. (1993). Karate for self-defense: an analysis of Goju-Ryu and Kyokushinkai Kata. Peceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 829–830. doi: http://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.829
Mroz, D. (2008). Technique in exile: The changing perception of taijiquan, from Ming dynasty military exercise to twentieth-century actor training protocol. Studies in Theatre and Performance, 28(2), 127-145.
Nulty, T.J. (2017). Gong and fa in Chinese martial arts. Martial Arts Studies, 3, 51-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10098
Partikova, V. (in press a). Psychological collectivism in traditional martial arts. Martial Arts Studies.
Partikova, V. (in press b). Testing the model of mental toughness in the setting of Chinese martial arts. Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation.
Pedrini, L. (2018). Muoversi come puligi colprire como compagni: Uno studio etnografico sull’organizzazione sociale della boxe popolare. Unpublished doctorate thesis, University of Milano-Bicocca.
Ryan, A. (2008). Globalisation and the ‘internal alchemy’ in Chinese martial arts: The transmission of Taijiquan to Britain. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal, 2(4), 525-543. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/s12280-009-9073-x
Samino, E., & Masci, M. (1996). Politics in football: Metaphor in the discourse of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy. Discourse & Society, 7(2), 243-269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926596007002005
Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (2011). Contest, competition and metaphor. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 38, 27-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2011.9714547
Smith, J., A., & Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. A. Smith (Ed), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 53-80). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Smith, B., & Sparkes, A. C. (2004). Men, sport, and spinal cord injury: An analysis of metaphors and narrative types. Disability & Society, 19(6), 613-626. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759042000252533
Stewart, C., Smith, B. & Sparkes, A. C. (2011). Sporting autobiographies of illness and the role of metaphor. Sport in Society, 14(5), 581-597. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.574358
Theeboom, M., & De Knop, P. (1997). An analysis of the development of Wushu. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(3), 267-282. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690297032003004
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Vlachos, E. (2015). The benefits of using traditional martial arts as an intervention programme for children with behavioural, emotional and social difficulties. Journal of Pedagogic Development, 5(2), 37-45.
Von del Lippe, G. (2002). Media image: Sport, gender and national identities in five European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 3-4, 369-394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/101269020203700306
Wacquant, L. (2001). Whores, slaves and stallions: Languages of exploitation and accommodation among boxers. Body & Society, 7(2-3), 181-194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X0100700210
Wang, G., Qiu, P. X., & Bao, L. (2010). The "boxing type awareness" must be enhanced for rebuilding the school Wushu education system. Journal of Physical Education, 17(4), 95-98.
Wildish, P. (2000). The big book of chi. London: Thornsons.
Wile, D. (2018). Fighting words: Four new document finds reignite old debates in Taijiquan historiography. Martial Arts Studies, 4, 17-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10184
Woodward, K. (2008). Hanging out and hanging about: Insider/outsider research in the sport of boxing. Ethnography, 9(4), 536-560. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108096991
Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2-3), 141-165. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2003.006
Zarrilli, P.B. (1998). When the body becomes all eyes: Paradigms, discourses and practices of power in a South Indian martial art. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Zhang, Z. (2014). The art of Chinese kung-fu. Berkeley, CA: Gingko Press.
Zhang, G., & Green, T. (2012). Introducción al boxeo de la flor del ciruelo: historia, cultura y práctica. Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 5(2), 21-44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v5i2.109
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2018 Veronika Partikova, George Jennings
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0.
Os autores que publicam nesta Revista estão de acordo com os seguintes termos:
- Os autores cedem, de forma exclusiva, os direitos de exploração (reprodução, distribuição, comunicação pública, transformação) à Universidade de Léon, podendo estabelecer, em separado, acordos adicionais para a distribuição não exclusiva da versão do artigo publicado na Revista (por exemplo: alojar no repertório institucional ou publicá-lo num livro), com o reconhecimento da publicação inicial nesta Revista.
- O trabalho encontra-se na Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. Pode-se consultar aqui o resumo e o texto legal da licença.
- Permite-se, e sugere-se, que os autores difundam electronicamente as versões pré-impressão (versão antes de ser avaliada) e pós-impressão (versão avaliada e aceite para publicação das suas obras antes da sua publicação), favorecendo a sua circulação e difusão, e com ela o possível aumento da sua citação e alcance pela comunidade académica.
