Shin-gi-tai as a guiding principle in Kodokan judo. Yet, another example of historical reinvention?

David B. Waterhouse; Carl De Crée

doi:10.18002/rama.v20i1.2504

Autores/as

David B. Waterhouse Department of East Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto
Carl De Crée Ghent University http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-4319

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v20i1.2504

Palabras clave:

Artes marciales, deportes de combate, judo, historia del deporte, ética, bushido, Haku Michigami, Jigoro Kano, Kito-ryu, Kodokan

Agencias Financiadoras:

The authors received no funding for this work.

Resumen

Los órganos nacionales rectores del judo han intentado en los últimos años, a través de eslóganes, carteles, dibujos animados e informaciones en páginas web, reavivar entre sus miembros el aprecio por la moral judo, construida sobre el bushido japonés. Asimismo, algunas federaciones de judo promueven de forma activa el “shin-gi-tai” (mente-técnica-cuerpo) como principio guía para los ascensos de grado y la conducta del practicante, supuestamente en asociación con la filosofía de Kano Jigoro. Utilizando la traducción, el análisis crítico y heurístico de fuentes japonesas históricas, originales y relevantes, este trabajo tiene el propósito de investigar el origen, la etimología y la justificación del shin-gi-tai como principio preexistente en el judo Kodokan. Los resultados muestran que el shin-gi-tai fue utilizado por primera vez en el judo por Michigami Haku mientras enseñaba en Shanghái en la década de 1940. Tras su llegada a Francia en 1953, el concepto fue introducido y difundido en el judo occidental. Sin embargo, Michigami no fue el autor original. Fue en la isla de Kyushu, de donde procedía Michigami, donde el término shin-gi-tai parece haber sido utilizado por primera vez en el Heiho shingitai oboegaki (Memorándum sobre las artes militares y la mente-técnica-cuerpo), un texto cuyo autor fue Toyoda Masanaga, un espadachín heiho de la Niten ichi-ryu del siglo XVIII influenciado por Miyamoto Musashi. Un término similar, shinkitai, entró más tarde en el sumo a través de la familia Yoshida, también activa en Kyushu, que se hizo responsable de la administración del sumo a finales del periodo Meiji. Michigami, de joven, había practicado tanto el kendo como el sumo. No existe ningún vínculo entre Kano Jigoro y el shin-gi-tai. Si bien es aceptable usar el término o cualquier otro meme legítimo en el entrenamiento de atletas, afirmar que representa un principio fundamental que guía los ascensos de rango y la ética en el judo no es más que una reinvención histórica que carece de toda base.

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Biografía del autor/a

David B. Waterhouse, Department of East Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto

David B. Waterhouse† (1936-2017) was a Full Professor of Japanese Studies at the Department of East Asian Studies of the University of Toronto from 1975 to 2002. Since then, he had been an Emeritus Professor until his passing. A graduate in pianoforte from the Royal Academy of Music in London, and in Western Classics, Moral Sciences and Oriental Studies from Cambridge University, David started his professional career at the British Museum. He was a Senior Member of University College, an Honorary Research Associate of the Royal Ontario Museum’s Far Eastern Department since 1969, and a former Adjunct Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at McMaster University. David published on a wide variety of topics and had special expertise on the 18^th century Japanese woodblock print artist Suzuki Harunobu 鈴木春信 (1724-1770), about whom in 2013 he produced a seminal work entitled “The Harunobu Decade”, published with Koninklijke Brill N.V. In 1990 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC), and also was a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society (FRAS). He was a 2017 recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun 3^rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, awarded to him by Emperor Akihito of Japan, and held the jūdō rank of 4^th dan from both Judo Canada and the Kōdōkan Jūdō Institute in Tōkyō. David passed away on Thursday, November 16^th, 2017, aged 81 years. E-mail: not applicable.

Carl De Crée, Ghent University

Carl De Crée is a Full Professor of Medicine (Exercise Endocrinology & Sports Medicine) and a university executive administrator. In addition, he also is a senior scholar in Chinese and Japanese Studies and has conducted research on jūdō since 1981. He is a graduate of the first cohort of the University or Rome’s unique Master’s degree program in Jūdō, and one of only a few jūdō-experts holding the European Judo Union Level-6 Specialized Judo Teacher & High-Performance Coach qualification. He also holds double Trainer-A qualifications in both jūdō and jūjutsu from the Flemish Trainer School, and an International Judo Coach qualification and a Judo Master Teacher Class A Certificate from USA Judo. He has previously resided in Japan and has studied jūdō with, inter alia, the late Felix De Smedt, Marcel Clause, Hirano Tokio, Fukuda Keiko, Imamura Haruo, Abe Ichirō, Daigo Toshirō, and Ōsawa Yoshimi, and with Ashida Kunio, Kurimura Yōji, Ochiai Toshiyasu, Okano Isao, Tokuyama Misao, and Tsuji Yoshimi. He holds an 8^th dan black belt in jūdō and the title of kyōshi. He is a former student in the Inoue Keitarō-lineage of Tenjin Shin’yō-ryū jūjutsu under the late Tobari Kazu-shihan, and the first and only non-Japanese ever to hold menkyo in Kitō-ryū. E-mail: prof.cdecree@earthlink.net

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