A A critical update to earlier research findings about the historical roots of gonosen-no-kata – “Forms of post-attack initiative counter throws”

Carl De Crée

doi:10.18002/rama.v19i1.2412

Autores/as

Carl De Crée Ghent University http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9274-4319

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18002/rama.v19i1.2412

Palabras clave:

Artes marciales, deportes de combate, gonosen-no-kata, historia, Jigoro Kano, judo, kaeshi-no-kata, kata, Kodokan, Kyuzo Mifune, Universidad de Waseda

Agencias Financiadoras:

The author received no funding for this work.

Resumen

El objetivo este estudio es presentar una actualización crítica de los hallazgos publicados anteriormente sobre los antecedentes históricos de la gonosen-no-kata (“Formas de contraataque”), una kata no aceptada oficialmente del judo Kodokan que alcanzó cierta popularidad en algunos países europeos. Se aplicaron métodos históricos y la crítica Fontal a las nuevas evidencias, realizando así un cuidadoso análisis crítico del origen, historia y antecedentes de esta kata. Ampliando nuestros hallazgos anteriores, i.e., la primera aparición verificable de la kata en Europa en 1926 en Londres, y su difusión a partir de 1927 por toda Europa por varios instructores de judo de origen japonés. Sin embargo, los resultados de este trabajo también nos llevan a refutar firmemente la cautela que habíamos expresado anteriormente de que la gonosen-no-kata bien podría no ser de origen japonés. De hecho, la kata apareció por primera vez en noviembre de 1915, cuando se exhibe como parte del programa en torno al XX Torneo de Judo de la Universidad de Waseda, en Tokio, donde fue mostrada por una pareja de judoka llamados Nagae y Endo. A partir de entonces, la kata se demostró regularmente en público en Japón durante las competiciones de judo durante la era Taisho (1912-1926) siempre que participaba un equipo de la Universidad de Waseda. Entre sus primeros y más eminentes defensores en Japón figuraron los estudiantes de Waseda Endo Moriya, Ninomiya Sotaro y Yasuoka Toraki. Los antiguos instructores principales de la Universidad de Waseda, Miyakawa Ikkan (1885-1944) y Takahashi Kazuyoshi (1885-1942), así como estudiantes dedicados, como Endo Moriya (1896-1950), siguen siendo los candidatos que con mayor probabilidad estuvieron implicados en la creación y el desarrollo de la gonosen-no-kata.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Métricas alternativas

Biografía del autor/a

Carl De Crée, Ghent University

Carl De Crée (Belgium) is a Full Professor of Medicine (Exercise Endocrinology & Sports Medicine) and a university executive administrator. In addition, he also is a senior scholar in Chinese and Japanese Studies and has conducted on jūdō since 1981. He is a graduate of the first cohort of the University or Rome’s unique Master’s degree program in Jūdō, and one of only a few jūdō-experts holding the European Judo Union Level-6 Specialized Judo Teacher & High-Performance Coach qualification. He also holds double Trainer-A qualifications in both jūdō and jūjutsu from the Flemish Trainer School, and an International Judo Coach qualification and a Judo Master Teacher Class A Certificate from USA Judo. He has previously resided in Japan and has studied jūdō with, inter alia, the late Felix De Smedt, Marcel Clause, Hirano Tokio, Fukuda Keiko, Imamura Haruo, Abe Ichirō, Daigo Toshirō, and Ōsawa Yoshimi, and with Ashida Kunio, Kurimura Yōji, Ochiai Toshiyasu, Okano Isao, Tokuyama Misao, and Tsuji Yoshimi. He holds an 8^th dan black belt in jūdō and the title of kyōshi. He is a former student in the Inoue Keitarō-lineage of Tenjin Shin’yō-ryū jūjutsu under the late Tobari Kazu-shihan, and the first and only non-Japanese ever to hold menkyo in Kitō-ryū. E-mail: prof.cdecree@earthlink.net

Citas

Anonymous. (1917, February). Waseda Daigaku Jūdō Taikai [Waseda University Jūdō Tournament]. Jūdō (Kōdōkan), 3(2), 120 [in Japanese]

Anonymous. (1920, July). Jūdō-bu shidō kosui ryokō kiji (Taishō 9-nen 5 tsuki) [Jūdō Club propagation travel article (May 1919)]. Waseda Gakuhō [Waseda School Gazette] July 1920 [in Japanese]

Anonymous. (1927a, March 19). Judo in Ealing – Famous exponents to appear at local display. The West Middlesex Gazette, p. 5.

Anonymous. (1927b, March 26). Judo and Drill – Physical training and Ealing Gymnasium. The West Middlesex Gazette, p. 5.

Anonymous. (1930, August 1). Mr. W. J. Pearce – Ju-jutsu Expert. Buckinghamshire Examiner, p. 2.

Bowen, R.M. (2011). 100 Years of Judo in Great Britain: reclaiming of its true spirit – 2 vols. Pen Press Publishing (Indepenpress).

British Judo Association (BJA). (n.d.) Gonosen-No-Kata. In: British Judo Association – Technical Grading Syllabus – A Photographic Guide (pp. 308-319). Technical Direction, Roy Inman, OBE, 8th Dan. British Judo Association.

Budokwai. (n.d.). Program of the Budokwai 9th Annual Display – 1926. In: Minute Book of the Budokwai. Unpublished notes of the London Budokwai started in 1918. London: Budokwai.

Dax Romswinkel, W. (2013, February-2014, May). Nage-waza-ura-no-Kata – Teil 1-15. Der Budoka [in German]

De Crée, C. (2015a). Kōdōkan jūdō’s three orphaned forms of counter techniques – Part 1: The Gonosen-no-kata ―“Forms of post-attack initiative counter throws”. Archives of Budo, 11, 93-123.

De Crée, C. (2015b). Kōdōkan jūdō’s three orphaned forms of counter techniques – Part 2: The Nage-waza ura-no-kata ― “Forms of reversing throwing techniques”. Archives of Budo, 11, 125-154.

Diester, W. (2004, November 8). Skript zum NJV-Landeslehrgang Gonosen-no-kata am 13.12.2003 in Osnabrück (korrigierte Kurz-Fassung vom 08.11.2004) [Script for the Nordrhein-Westphälishe Judo-Veband e.V. gonosen-no-kata seminar on December 13, 2003 – edited abbreviated version from November 8, 2004]. www.judo-base.de, p. 1-3 [in German]

Fromm, A., & Soames N. (1982). Judo, the gentle way. Routledge & K. Paul.

Hata, K., & Takimoto K, editors. (1954). Waseda jūdōbu-shi [Records of Waseda Department of Jūdō]. Waseda University Department of Jūdō [in Japanese]

Ishiguro, K. (1952). Ura-waza. Takahashi hachidan-dan [Reverse techniques. Discussion about Takahashi, 8th dan]. In: Jūdō Senjōjiki [Jūdō everywhere] (pp. 134-138). Nihon Shuppan Kyōdō Kabushi Kaisha [in Japanese]

Kaeshi-no-kata. In: Wikipedia. 11 August 2010 [retrieved October 20, 2014]. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaeshi-no-kata

Kanō, J. (1921). Ichiban shūgyōsha ni kata no renshū wo susumeru [General recommendations to the judo disciple for the study of kata]. Yūkō-no-Katsudō, 7(11), 1-6 [in Japanese]

Kanō, J. (1927). Jūdōka to shi te Kanō Jigorō (12). Kōdōkan jūdō no kata ni tsuite: Ichi, kata no seitei riyū [Jigorō Kanō, the jūdōka – Part 12. About the kata of Kōdōkan jūdō: 1. Reasons for the creation of the kata]. Lecture by Kanō Jigorō, transcribed by Ochiai Torahei. Sakkō, 6(12), 86-92 (15-21) [in Japanese]

Kanō, Y., Kawamura T., Nakamura R., Daigo T., Takeuchi Y., & Satō N., editors. (1999). Jūdō Daijiten [Encyclopedic jūdō dictonary]. Athene Shobō [in Japanese]

Kōdōkan, editors. (1986). Illustrated Kodokan Judo. Kōdansha.

Krotki, R. (1930, December 1). Die Englandfahrt der deutschen Jiu-Jitsu Kämpfer aus Frankfurt a. M. u. Wiesbaden [The England trip of the German jūjutsu fighters from Frankfurt am Main and Wiesbaden]. Jiu-Jitsu-Sport (Berlin) 3(9), 1-9 [in German]

Kudō, N. (1996). Gendai Jūdō Jinbutsu Sōsho – Dai 1-kan ~ dai 18-kan [Contemporary jūdō personalities book series – vols. 1-18], Kōdōkan, editors. Hon no tomosha [in Japanese]

Kudō, R. (1965). Jūdō meikan [Jūdō directory] (pp. 1-734). Jūdō Meikan Kankōkai [in Japanese]

Mifune, Kyūzō. (1956). Canon of Judo. Principle and Technique (pp. 229-240). Seibundō-Shinkōsha Publishing Co.

Murai, S. (1997). Waseda Daigaku hyakunenshi [Hundred year history of Waseda University ― Vols. 1-3]. Waseda University [in Japanese]

Ott, D. (2000). Die Go-no-sen-no-kata nach der Waseda Universität [The gonosen-no-kata from Waseda University]. Lehrbrief des Judo-Verbandes Schleswig-Holstein e.V.; Lübeck, Germany: Judo-Verbandes Schleswig-Holstein e.V. [in German]

Oxford University Judo Club. (1932, November 29). Programme. Unpublished program brochure of an international jūdō meeting between the Oxford University Judo Club and Germany. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Judo Club.

Savage, M., & Jones L.C. (2020, January). Gonosen-no-Kata – A personal perspective. The Kano Society Bulletin, 18,(1) (issue 42), 1-8.

Takahashi, K. (1920). Ura-waza no kenkyū: jūdō ni okeru ura-waza no kachi [Research into reversal techniques: the value of reversal techniques for jūdō]. Yūkō-no-Katsudō, 6(2), 35-37 [in Japanese]

Takahashi, K. (1921). Ura-waza no kenkyū: ura-waza o kakeru jiki; ura-waza no shurui; jūdō saigyō no saizen wa ereda; shōrai no jūdō ni tsuite ikkō seyo [Research into reversal techniques: timing in applying reversal techniques; types of reversal techniques; getting the best out of jūdō training; about the jūdō of the future]. Yūkō-no-Katsudō, 7(1), 30-33 [in Japanese]

Takahirō, S. (1950). Endō Moriya-shi o okuro [Memorial service for Endō Moriya]. Jūdō 20(1), 29, 1950 [in Japanese].

Takasaki, S.. (1997). Mansenshi ensei-ki (Taishō 13-nen 3–4 tsuki) [Manchurian-Korean-Chinese tour record (March and April 1924)]. In: Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu Hyakunen Shi Henshū I’inkai [Waseda University Judo Club 100 Year History Editorial Committee]. Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu Hyakunen Shi [Waseda University Judo Department 100 year history] (pp. 762-772). Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu – Waseda Daigaku Jūdō Kurabu [Waseda University Jūdō Department – Waseda University Jūdō Club], Tōkyō [in Japanese]

The Budokwai. (1962). Budokwai Annual Display. Judo Bulletin, 68, 20-21.

Tōkyō Gaigo Jūdōbu Kyoyūkai, editors. (1990). Wa ga shi: Takahashi Kazuyoshi [My teacher: Kazuyoshi Takahashi] (pp. 1-215). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Gaigo Jūdōbu-shi Shuppan Kyoyūkai I’inkai [in Japanese]

Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu Hyakunen Shi Henshū I’inkai [Waseda University Judo Club 100 Year History Editorial Committee]. (2012). Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu Hyakunen Shi [Waseda University Judo Department 100 year history]. Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu – Waseda Daigaku Jūdō Kurabu [Waseda University Jūdō Department – Waseda University Jūdō Club], Tōkyō [in Japanese]

Yasuda, M. (2012). Daigaku jūdō no keifu – vol 19: Minagiru wakaki chikara no honryū Waseda Dai 1 [A genealogy of university jūdō – vol. 19: A flood of young vigor coming out of Waseda University – Part 1]. Kindai Jūdō, 34(7), 68-69 [in Japanese]

Yoko’o, K. (1997). Meijin Ninomiya Sōtarō no koto [About grandmaster Ninomiya Sotarō]. In: Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu Hyakunen Shi Henshū I’inkai [Waseda University Judo Club 100 Year History Editorial Committee]. Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu Hyakunen Shi [Waseda University Judo Department 100 year history] (pp. 142-143). Waseda Daigaku Jūdō-bu – Waseda Daigaku Jūdō Kurabu [Waseda University Jūdō Department – Waseda University Jūdō Club], Tōkyō [in Japanese]